Feedback with Carry Shift Registers

In sequence design, a Feedback with Carry Shift Register (or FCSR) is the arithmetic or with carry analog of a Linear feedback shift register (LFSR). If $N>1$ is an integer, then an N-ary FCSR of length $r$ is a finite state device with a state $(a;z)=(a_{0},a_{1},\dots ,a_{r-1};z)$ consisting of a vector of elements $a_{i}$ in $\{0,1,\dots ,N-1\}=S$ and an integer $z$.

FCSRs are analyzed using number theory. Associated with the FCSR is a connection integer $q=q_{r}N^{r}+\dots +q_{1}N^{1}-1$. Associated with the output sequence is the N-adic number $a=a_{0}+a_{1}N+a_{2}N^{2}+\dots$ The fundamental theorem of FCSRs says that there is an integer $u$ so that $a=u/q$, a rational number. The output sequence is strictly periodic if and only if $u$ is between $-q$ and $0$. It is possible to express u as a simple quadratic polynomial involving the initial state and the q_i. including near uniform distribution of sub-blocks, ideal arithmetic autocorrelations, and the arithmetic shift and add property. They are the with-carry analog of m-sequences or maximum length sequences.

There are efficient algorithms for FCSR synthesis. This is the problem: given a prefix of a sequence, construct a minimal length FCSR that outputs the sequence. This can be solved with a variant of Mahler and De Weger's lattice based analysis of N-adic numbers when $N=2$; If L is the size of the smallest FCSR that outputs the sequence (called the N-adic complexity of the sequence), then all these algorithms require a prefix of length about $2L$ to be successful and have quadratic time complexity. It follows that, as with LFSRs and linear complexity, any stream cipher whose N-adic complexity is low should not be used for cryptography.

FCSRs and LFSRs are special cases of a very general algebraic construction of sequence generators called Algebraic Feedback Shift Registers (AFSRs) in which the integers are replaced by an arbitrary ring R and N is replaced by an arbitrary non-unit in R. A general reference on the subject of LFSRs, FCSRs, and AFSRs is the book.

Source

http://wikipedia.org/